Procedures
1.0 Scope
&Application
1.1 This standard operating procedure is applicable
to any MR research involving animals or specimens
in the Trio or Sonata MR systems housed in the Basement
of Rhoads and Founders buildings at the Hospital of
the University of Pennsylvania. These standards pertain
to all individuals caring for or scanning animals
or specimens in the MRI facility.
2.0
Overview
2.1 Protecting the health and safety of PENN patients,
employees, and students is a top priority. This is
why working safely with domesticated and non-domesticated,
vertebrates (hereafter referred to as animals) is
a cooperative, active effort between institutional
officials, health and safety professionals, research
scientists, individual employees, and students. The
success of these efforts relies on the accountability
of each individual for there own and others health
and safety. This SOP is intended to provide direction
and information about conducting safe and clean MRI
animal research in our facility.
3.0
Definitions
3.1 Animal contact is any contact with mammals,
reptiles, amphibians, birds or fish. Animal contact
may be direct or indirect. Indirect contact refers
to contact with animal products or with items that
have been in contact with the animals or their products.
Animal products include unpreserved tissues, blood,
excreta, body fluids or discharges, hair, dander,
etc… Items that could be contaminated by animal
products may include sharps, cages, clothing, gloves,
etc…
3.2 Hazard is anything that has been scientifically
proven to have an adverse health effect in a person.
Hazards can be of chemical (e.g. disinfectants, preservatives),
physical (e.g. bites, kicks and scratches, needle
sticks, heavy lifting) or biological (zoonotic agents,)
origin.
3.3 Zoonotic diseases are those in which the
infectious agent is transmissible between humans and
animals. In some cases, the infected animal may show
no signs of illness while still being capable of transmitting
an infectious agent.
3.4 A fomite is an object that, while not capable
of being infected, is able to harbor pathogenic microorganisms
which may by that means be transmitted to others.
3.5 A pathogen is any disease producing microorganism
or material.
3.6 ULAR - University Laboratory Animal Resources
is responsible for the procurement, care, and use
of all University-owned animals used for teaching,
research, and testing as approved by the Institutional
Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and as mandated
by federal law and regulations.
3.7 ID (HUP) - Infectious Diseases Department
at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
3.8 CAMRIS - Center for Advances Imaging in
Science is the internal governing body for MRI research
for PENN University
3.9 OH - Occupational Health - Handles health
and exposure issues of employees of the hospital and
University.
3.10 SHC - Student Health Center - This department
handles the health issues of students at Univ. of
Penn.
3.11 Researcher - any individuals participating
in the handling or scanning of the animal in the MRI
facility. This includes investigators, anesthesia
techs, and MRI Technologists.
3.12 MR units - Magnetic Resonance units -
referring to either the 1.5T or 3T systems
3.13 Magnet Room - The room exsisting inside
the vault-like door of the room immediately surrounding
the magnet.
3.14 Warn Zone - The area behind the cipher
lock door at the scanner control areas.
3.15
Standard classifications of Bio-Hazards as defined
by the NIH :
3.15.1 RG - Risk Groups partition animal research
studies by the possible etiologic exposures which
could take place.
3.15.2 Agent - A substance that causes a change:
a chemical agent; an infectious agent.
3.15.3 RG1 agents are not associated with disease
in healthy adult humans. Those agents not listed in
Risk Groups (RG) 2, 3, and 4 are not automatically
or implicitly classified in RG1; a risk assessment
must be conducted based on the known and potential
properties of the agents and their relationship to
agents that are listed.
3.15.4 RG2 agents are associated with human
disease which is rarely serious and for which preventive
or therapeutic interventions are often available.
3.15.5 RG3 agents are associated with serious
or lethal human disease for which preventive or therapeutic
interventions may be available.
3.15.6 RG4 agents are likely to cause serious
or lethal human disease for which preventive or therapeutic
interventions are not usually available.
4.0
Health and Safety Issues
4.1 Researchers working with mammals are at risk for
traumatic injury due to direct animal contact or for
infectious disease transmitted by mammals or their
parasites. Using appropriate handling techniques,
personal protective equipment, and good personal hygiene
significantly reduce the risk of injury or illness
is. Wearing leather or fabric gloves can reduce the
risk of bites or scratches. Wearing latex or vinyl
gloves and avoiding needle punctures when using syringes
or other sharp instruments will minimize exposure
to blood or other body fluids and feces.
It is recommended that all researchers working in
the field maintain up-to-date tetanus immunizations.
In addition, although many species may be carriers
of the rabies virus, research personnel who work with
carnivores should be especially careful to avoid being
bitten and should be immunized against rabies.
Mammals often serve as reservoirs (no signs of clinical
disease are apparent) for zoonotic disease agents.
These include agents such as relapsing fever, murine
typhus, salmonellosis, histoplasmosis, and toxoplasmosis.
Human infection with some of these zoonotic agents
can lead to serious illness or death. Zoonotic diseases
can be transmitted through direct contact with infected
mammals or their body fluids and feces. Some bacterial
diseases primarily of lagomorphs (hares and rabbits),
may also be transmitted to humans by arthropod vectors,
inhalation of aerosolized bacteria and contact or
ingestion of contaminated water, food or soil.
Many zoonotic diseases may be transmitted between
species by arthropod vectors such as ticks, fleas
and mosquitos. Direct contact with the infected animal
is not necessary to acquire infection. Researchers
should be aware of what diseases occur in the geographic
area they are working in and take appropriate precautions
to avoid exposure. In some cases, it may be prudent
to use methods that ensure ectoparasites present on
an animal are killed or immobilized before handling
the animal.
Transmission of some zoonotic disease agents occurs
through the inhalation of aerosolized urine or feces
contaminated with the infected agent. Therefore in
some cases masks of a specific type may be necessary
for the studies being performed.
A list of animals and a description of the health
concerns presented by each is given in the reference
section of this document. This list is not comprehensive
of every possible etiologic agent for each species.
It does provide a basic idea of worst case scenarios
of possible exposure. The precautions, procedures
and treatment vary, and are generally specific for
each agent or animal. A standard operating procedure
for handling the specific animals must be available
in the laboratory from where the animals originate.
It is the responsibility of the Primary Investigator
to make certain all those involved with the study
understand any special conditions.
5.0 Personnel
Qualifications
5.1 All individuals operating within the MRI environment
will be trained Radiologic Technologists or approved
users and have reviewed procedural standards of safety,
preparation, and clean up set forth in this SOP. Individuals
operating the scanner will have user approval status
acquired through CAMRIS.
6.0
MR Safety
6.1 The MR magnetic fields are always on. No ferromagnetic
material can be taken inside the scanner room. The
ability to know whether a material is ferromagnetic
through visual inspection is impossible. Therefore,
all equipment containing any type of metal must not
be taken into the magnet room. All equipment entering
the room must be screened and approved by the Technologist
or approved operator.
6.2 Personnel must be screened by the MR Technologist
or approved user before entering the MRI room.
6.3 Electronic Equipment may not be taken into the
scanner room. . This type of equipment often has components
that are pulled toward a magnetic field. The safety
of the equipment must be determined by the MRI Tech
or CAMRIS member before being taken in the scanner
room.
6.4 Safety inspection (6.3)of equipment is done prior
to the first procedure.
6.5 Metallic carts are not permitted in the scanning
areas.
6.6 All metal must be removed from the animal prior
to the procedure. (e.g. ID Tags, collars)
7.0
Protective Clothing
7.1 All individuals having Animal contact during the
course of the MR procedure will maintain a standard
of dress consistent with the demands of at least RG2
status. This includes, but is not limited to Isolation
gowns, gloves, and shoe covers.
7.2
All individual transporting animals to and handling
animals in the MRI for must follow the clothing, isolation,
and sharps policies set forth by the ULAR Standard
Operating Procedures 3.05, 3.10, and 4.20.
8.0
Supplies and Peripheral Equipment
8.1 Isolation gowns, gloves, and shoe covers necessary
to meet the criteria set forth in section 6.1 will
be available in the MR facility.
8.2 Anesthesia equipment and tubing is not handled
by the MR Technologists. There is one anesthesia unit
available for the facility and scheduling for its
use is done separately from the procedures on MR units.
8.3 MRI compatible carts are available for moving
animals in and out of the scanner room. Animals may
not be placed onto the floor in the facility at any
time. Animals in excess of 160 Kg cannot be scanned.
8.4 Investigators using these carts are responsible
for cleaning them after use.
8.5 All tubing entering the MR scanner room will pass
through the wave guides provided in the penetration
panels of each scanner room. No tubing or IV lines
may run through an open scan room door during the
procedure.
8.6 Room oxygen and suction are available. Tubing
and trap buckets are not provided by the MR facility.
8.7 Syringes, needles, fluids, or I.V. equipment are
not supplied by the MR facility.
8.8 Plastic sheeting (9.2) for covering contact surfaces
will be provided by the MRI facility.
8.9 Specific peripheral devices (sand bags, restraint
straps, ECG leads) are available for use for animal
research only. Access to this equipment is through
the MRI Technologists. Items in the room are not automatically
or implicitly classified as those for animal use.
9.0
Equipment and Room Preparation
9.1 All contact surfaces and equipment are cleaned.
(10.1)
9.2 Prior to the animals placement into the MR system
all contact surfaces, coils, and equipment to be used
will be covered with plastic. In some cases there
are half barrels of plastic available for animal positioning.
The ability to use these will be limited due to coil
placement and animal size.
9.3 All items that are susceptible to contact, droplet,
or aerosolized contamination are removed from the
room. Items that cannot be removed must be covered
until the post procedural clean up (11.0).
9.4 Investigators provide absorbent pads, warming
devices, and linen for use.
9.5 The operator console must remain clean. Operators
will always remove gloves and gowns before operating
the system console.
10.0
Animal Prep for entering MR Environment
10.1 Animals for this facility are of the RG1 Bio-Hazard
type (3.15.3). RG2 type animals (3.15.4) are done
only through special arrangement with CAMRIS.
10.2 The animal must be clean. There should be no
fecal material, blood, urine, or bodily fluids present
on the animal.
10.3 The animal must be contained in some manner to
prevent leakage of fluids onto the system. The preferred
method is a 3mil plastic bag around the animal hind
quarters. These 3mil bags are available at any hardware
store and are not provided by the MRI facility.
10.4 Animals moved into and out of the scanner area
must not contaminate the floor or surrounding environment.
11.0
Post Procedural clean up
11.1 Prior to plastic removal, plastic covered surfaces
are checked for fluids and cleaned up with absorbent
pads if necessary.
11.2 Decontamination of contact surfaces is done with
freshly mixed 10% bleach solution. A delay of at least
3-5 minutes after application is recommended for the
disinfectant to be effective.
11.3 This is followed with a wipe down of the same
surfaces with potable water.
11.4 A final application of standard hospital disinfectant
"SaniMaster 4 Disinfectant" should then
be applied.
11.5 Application of the SaniMaster 4 Disinfectant
to surfaces is also done at the operator console.
12.0
Data and Records Management
12.1 Header information entered into the scanner must
be specific to each animal (e.g. animal ULAR number)
and cannot be in a form that the central archive can
register as a patient. The information must allow
for matching the animal to the procedure.
12.2 MRI is not responsible for animal research studies
going to central archive (PACS).
12.3 The investigator's name must appear in the header
information.
12.4 Header information, operator, and investigator's
name must be entered into the system log book.
12.5 All data collected will be burned to a CD for
storage in the MR facility. Investigators are given
a copy if requested.
12.6 Data from a study is not kept on the system disc
for more than one week.
12.7 No films are generated for any animal research
study.
13.0
Quality Control and Quality Assurance
13.1 Quality Assurance of the system is done though
routine Preventative Maintenance done by the MR manufacturer
(Siemens).
13.2 Down Time during animal studies does not allow
for authorization of overtime for service calls..
13.3 Phone numbers are available at the scanners for
help with MR system issues.
14.0
Important Numbers
14.1 Norman Butler BSEE R.T. MRI Technical Supervisor
Office: 215-349-5298
14.2 Neil Fishman M.D. Infectious Diseases (HUP) Office:
215-662-6995
14.3 Matthew D. Finucane Director EHRS Office: 215-898-6057
14.4 Michael Burk IACUC Compliance (UNIV) Office:
215-746-6271
14.5 OH (Occupational Health) Office: 215-662-3192
14.6 SHC (Student Health Service) Office: 215-662-2850
15.0
Useful Links and References
National Research Council's Institute of Laboratory
Animal Research (ILAR) http://dels.nas.edu/ilar/
NIH:
Office of Extramural Research: Office of Laboratory
Animal Welfare http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/olaw.htm
Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR) Guide
for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Guide for
the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/labrats/
AAALAC (Association for Assessment and Accreditation
of Laboratory Animal Care)
Institute
for Laboratory Animal Research
Animal
Welfare Information Center http://netvet.wustl.edu/awic.htm
The following references and resources may be obtained
from the Office of Environmental Health and Radiation
Safety and are available on the EHRS website at:
www.ehrs.upenn.edu
University
of Pennsylvania Biological Safety Manual http://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/programs/bio/bio_manual.html
University
of Pennsylvania Exposure Control Plan http://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/programs/bio/
Infectious
Waste Disposal http://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/resources/waste/bio/default.html
Biosafety
in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (CDC-NIH)
4th ed. 1999
http://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/bmbl4/bmbl4toc.htm
OSHA
29 CFR 1910.1030 Blood borne Pathogen Standard http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show
WHO Biosafety Manual, 2nd. Ed. http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/biosafety/en/
16.0
Animal Hazards Outline
DOGS
Individuals with anticipated contact with dogs must
first be trained in handling and restraint techniques.
It is important to be proficient and comfortable when
handling dogs - failure to do so can result in injury
to both the handler and the animal. It is the responsibility
of the research laboratory Primary Investigator to
assure that all personnel engaged in research animal
contact receives proper education and training specific
to the relevant species used in her/his lab.
¨
Risks associated with handling most dogs in the research
environment are minimal if the proper precautions
are exercised. Breeds and strains of dogs vary widely
in temperament, response to restraint, and handling
preferences.
¨
Bites, Scratches
- General
Refer to the Animal Bites section of this document
for general information applicable to all species.
-
Prevention
Proper training and handling proficiency will minimize
the potential for most incidents of canine bites or
scratches. Humane methods of restraint are generally
well tolerated by most dogs if they have been properly
acclimated. Understanding canine behavior and recognizing
one's skill level and limitations are essential components
of prevention.
- Treatment
Immediate treatment of any wound is the best method
of minimizing the development of a more serious complication,
such as an infection. Thorough cleansing with an antiseptic
scrub and the application of a topical antiseptic
such as betadyne or chlorhexidine should be the first
action following a bite or scratch. All bites, regardless
of severity, should be reported to your supervisor,
and should also be evaluated by a physician as soon
as possible at Employee Occupational Health Services
or Student Health Center.
- Possible
Complications
- Bacterial Infections
The mouths of dogs contain many normal bacteria that
are normally non-pathogenic; however, if introduced
beneath the skin as the result of a bite these microorganisms
can set up an infection either locally or, in severe
cases, systemically. The bacteria most commonly encountered
in these instances are Pasteurella, Clostridium, Streptococcus,
Staphylococcus, Proteus, E. coli, etc. Current immunization
for Tetanus is required for all personnel working
with research animals.
¨
Allergies
- General
The dander of some dogs may contain allergens that
are sometimes associated with a hypersensitivity (allergic)
reaction, depending upon the allergy status of the
individual. Allergens are present on the hair, in
the bedding, on cage walls, etc.
- Prevention
Minimize exposure and exposure time. All individuals
handling dogs should wear disposable gloves and wash
hands after de-gloving. A respirator is essential
for anyone with known hypersensitivities or a history
of allergies.
- Treatment
If you experience signs of allergy (skin irritation,
itching, nasal or ocular irritation) notify your supervisor.
In instances of skin irritation, immediately and gently
wash the area with mild soap and water. Contact Employee
Occupational Health Services, Student Health Center
or your physician.
-Zoonoses
- Rabies
Unvaccinated dogs with an unknown history may harbor
the rabies virus prior to exhibiting signs. All dogs
entering UNM must be immunized against rabies unless
specifically requested (and approved). The virus is
shed in the saliva, and any suspicious behavior, change
in temperament, etc., especially within the first
ten days, should be reported to the ARF veterinary
staff.
- Parasites
There are several intestinal parasites of the dog
that may be communicable to humans, resulting in intestinal
symptoms and neurological signs. These are relatively
uncommon and can be prevented by good hygiene practices.
All individuals handling dogs should wear disposable
gloves and wash hands after de-gloving. Dogs admitted
to UNM are screened and treated upon admission.
-
Ringworm
Several mycotic (fungal, ringworm) infections of dogs
are communicable to humans. Signs suggestive of ringworm
on the skin following contact with a dog should be
reported to your supervisor and the ARF veterinarian.
Dogs are routinely screened for ringworm at admission
to UNM, but sometimes they may harbor the organisms
asymptomatically until stressed, such as in a research
protocol. All individuals handling dogs should wear
disposable gloves and wash hands after de-gloving.
¨
Special Conditions
- Dogs exposed to, or carrying potential human health
hazards
1. Dogs in infectious disease studies
2. Dogs in carcinogen or toxic chemical studies
3. Dogs receiving radioactive substances, e.g., radioisotopes
- For all experiments involving dogs in these (and
similar) circumstances it is the responsibility of
the Primary Investigator to inform all personnel of
the potential hazards and special methods of handling
and caring for the dogs The precautions, procedures
and treatment vary, and are generally specific for
each agent. A standard operating procedure must be
available in the laboratory. It is the responsibility
of the Primary Investigator to make certain all those
involved with the study understand the special conditions.
MICE
and RATS:
Individuals
with anticipated contact with mice must first be trained
in handling and restraint techniques. It is important
to be proficient and comfortable when handling mice
- failure to do so can result in injury to both the
handler and the animal. It is the responsibility of
the research laboratory Primary Investigator to assure
that all personnel engaged in research animal contact
receives proper education and training specific to
the relevant species used in her/his lab.
¨
Risks associated with handling laboratory strains
of mice are minimal if the proper precautions are
exercised.
¨
Bites, Scratches
- General
Refer to the Animal Bites section of this document
for general information applicable to all species.
- Prevention
Proper training and handling proficiency will minimize
most incidents of mouse bites or scratches. Properly
designed forceps may be used to assist with removal
of mice from cages. Commercially available and "homemade"
mouse restraint devices are valuable for many types
of common procedures. Understanding mouse behavior
and recognizing one's skill level and limitations
are essential components of prevention.
- Treatment
Immediate treatment of any wound is the best method
of minimizing the development of a more serious complication,
such as an infection. Thorough cleansing with an antiseptic
scrub and the application of a topical antiseptic
such as betadyne or chlorhexidine should be the first
action following a bite or scratch. All bites, regardless
of severity, should be reported to your supervisor,
and should also be evaluated by a physician as soon
as possible at OH or the SHC.
¨
Possible Complications
- Bacterial Infections
The mouths of mice contain many normal bacteria that
are normally non-pathogenic; however, if introduced
beneath the skin as the result of a bite these microorganisms
can set up an infection either locally or, in severe
cases, systemically. Bacteria most commonly encountered
are Pasteurella, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus,
Proteus, E. coli, etc.
- Allergic Reaction
The saliva or urine of mice may contain allergens
that may also be present on the toenails or teeth.
A bite or scratch can stimulate a localized or generalized
hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction, depending on
the allergy status of the person.
¨
Allergies
- General
Allergens shed in the urine or saliva are present
on the hair, in the bedding, on cage walls, etc.
- Prevention
Minimize exposure and exposure time. Gloves and a
facemask are required when changing cages. All individuals
handling mice should wear gloves. A respirator is
also recommended for everyone and is essential for
anyone with known hypersensitivities or a history
of allergies. Washing hands and arms immediately after
handling mice may decrease the likelihood of developing
contact allergies. Mice moved to laboratories should
be kept in covered cages at all times to minimize
aerosolization of dust and allergens.
- Treatment
If you experience signs of allergy (skin irritation,
itching, nasal or ocular irritation) notify your supervisor.
In instances of skin irritation, immediately and gently
wash the area with mild soap and water. Contact the
Employee Occupational Health Services, the Student
Health Center or your physician.
¨
Special Conditions
- Mice exposed to, or carrying potential human health
hazards
1. Mice in infectious disease studies
2. Mice in carcinogen or toxic chemical studies
3. Transgenic mice
4. Mice receiving radioactive substances, e.g., radioisotopes
- For all experiments involving dogs in these (and
similar) circumstances it is the responsibility of
the Primary Investigator to inform all personnel of
the potential hazards and special methods of handling
and caring for the dogs The precautions, procedures
and treatment vary, and are generally specific for
each agent. A standard operating procedure must be
available in the laboratory. It is the responsibility
of the Primary Investigator to make certain all those
involved with the study understand the special conditions.
PIGS:
Individuals with anticipated contact with pigs must
first be trained in handling and restraint. It is
important to be proficient and comfortable when handling,
restraining or treating pigs - failure to do so can
result in injury to both the handler and the animal.
It is the responsibility of the research laboratory
Principal Investigator to assure that all personnel
engaged in research animal contact receives proper
education and training specific to the relevant species
used in her/his lab.
¨ Risks associated with handling pigs in a research
environment are due to their size, general dislike
of restraint, and zoonotic diseases. These risks are
minimal if the proper precautions are exercised.
¨ Most pigs resent being handled by humans and
will attempt to escape, squeal, or possibly charge
the handler if all else fails. Understanding pig behavior
and recognizing one's skill level and limitations
are essential components of proper handling and injury
prevention.
¨
Bites
- General
Refer to the Animal Bites section of this document
for general information applicable to all species.
Pigs are very unlikely to bite, even when provoked.
Proper training and proficiency will minimize the
potential for injuries.
- Treatment
Immediate treatment of any wound is the best method
of minimizing the development of a more serious complication,
such as an infection. Thorough cleansing with an antiseptic
scrub and the application of a topical antiseptic
such as betadyne or chlorhexidine should be the first
action following a bite or scratch, or skin abrasion.
All bites or open wounds, regardless of severity,
should be reported to your supervisor, and should
also be evaluated by a physician as soon as possible
at Employee Occupational Health Services or Student
Health Center. Ice, cold compresses, and anti-inflammatory
medications may be indicated for tissue trauma injuries.
¨
Possible Complications
- Bacterial Infections
The mouths of pigs contain many normal bacteria that
are normally non-pathogenic; however, if introduced
beneath the skin as the result of a bite these microorganisms
can set up an infection either locally or, in severe
cases, systemically. The bacteria most commonly encountered
bacteria in these instances are Pasteurella, Clostridium,
Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Proteus, E. coli, spp.,
etc.
- Inflammation, Tissue Trauma
The teeth and strong jaws of pigs account for traumatic,
crushing or bruising of tissues, rather than penetrating
wounds. Notification of bites, scratches, contusion
injuries, etc., to a supervisor or physician is warranted.
Ice, cold compresses, and anti-inflammatory medications
may be indicated for tissue trauma injuries.
¨
Physical Injuries
Because of the large size of some pigs in research,
other injuries may result from lifting, being knocked
down, or into the wall. Awareness of pig behavior,
working in pairs, and exercising caution when working
with large pigs will help minimize such injuries.
Notification of physical injury to a supervisor or
physician is warranted.
¨
Zoonoses: Bacterial Infections (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae)
- Human disease - erysipeloid
The condition is extremely rare and is generally limited
to pig producers and handlers of pork. Humans may
contract the disease from pigs with external lesions
of erythema and inflammation.
- Prevention
The laboratory animal technicians and the veterinarian
for contagious diseases inspect pigs used at the PENN.
Although exposure is unlikely, always wear gloves
when handling pigs. If you notice diamond-shaped,
red, raised areas on the skin of a pig, notify your
supervisor and the veterinary staff. Do not handle
pigs if you suspect the presence of Erysipelothrix
rhusiopathiae.
¨
Zoonoses: Protozoal Infections (Balantidium coli)
- Human disease - balantidiasis
The intestinal parasite is common in pigs, and may
be transmitted to human from ingestion of cysts found
in the feces.
- Prevention
Pigs generally show no signs of infection, but the
parasite may be shed in their feces. Wear disposable
gloves, and wash hands after handling pigs.
¨
Allergies
- General
Pigs are not normally considered to possess human-allergenic
potential. However, if symptoms of allergy develop
following exposure to pigs (skin irritation, itching,
nasal or ocular irritation) notify your supervisor.
Refer to the Allergy section of this document.
- Prevention
All individuals handling pigs should wear gloves.
Washing hands and arms immediately after handling
pigs may decrease the likelihood of developing contact
allergies. Pigs moved to laboratories for surgery
or an experiment should be kept in covered cages at
all times to minimize aerosolization of dust and allergens.
- Treatment
If signs of allergy (skin irritation, itching, nasal
or ocular irritation) occur, notify your supervisor.
In the case of skin irritation, immediately and gently
wash the area with mild soap and water. You should
contact Occupational Health or Office of Student Health.
¨
Special Conditions
- Pigs exposed to, or carrying potential human health
hazards.
1. Pigs in infectious disease studies
2. Pigs in carcinogen or toxic chemical studies
3. Pigs receiving radiation
For all experiments involving pigs in these (and similar)
circumstances it is the responsibility of the Primary
Investigator to inform all personnel of the potential
hazards and special methods of handling and caring
for the dogs The precautions, procedures and treatment
vary, and are generally specific for each agent. A
standard operating procedure must be available in
the laboratory. It is the responsibility of the Primary
Investigator to make certain all those involved with
the study understand the special conditions.
RABBITS
Individuals with anticipated contact with rabbits
must first be trained in handling and restraint. It
is important to be proficient and comfortable when
handling, restraining or treating rabbits - failure
to do so can result in injury to both the handler
and the animal. It is the responsibility of the research
laboratory PI to assure that all personnel engaged
in research animal contact receive proper education
and training specific to the relevant species used
in her/his lab
¨ Risks associated with handling laboratory strains
of rabbits are minimal if the proper precautions are
exercised.
¨
Bites, Scratches
- General
Refer to the Animal Bites section of this document
for general information applicable to all species.
- Prevention
Proper training and proficiency will minimize most
incidents of rabbit bites or scratches. The use of
towels, blankets, or gloves is sometimes necessary,
primarily to protect oneself from being scratched
by sharp toenails. Commercially available and "homemade"
rabbit restraint devices are valuable for many types
of common procedures. Understanding rabbit behavior
and recognizing one's skill level and limitations
are essential components of prevention.
- Treatment
Immediate treatment of any wound is the best method
of minimizing the development of a more serious complication,
such as an infection. Thorough cleansing with an antiseptic
scrub and the application of a topical antiseptic
such as betadyne or chlorhexidine should be the first
action following a bite or scratch. All bites or open
wounds, regardless of severity, should be reported
to your supervisor, and should also be evaluated by
a physician as soon as possible at OH or SHC.
¨
Possible Complications
The mouths of rabbits contain many normal bacteria
that are normally non-pathogenic; however, if introduced
beneath the skin as the result of a bite these microorganisms
can set up an infection either locally or, in severe
cases, systemically. The most commonly encountered
bacteria in these instances are Pasteurella, Clostridium,
Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Proteus, E. coli, spp.,
etc.
¨
Allergies
- General
The hair and dander of rabbits may contain allergens
that can stimulate a localized or generalized hypersensitivity
(allergic) reaction, depending upon the allergy status
of the individual. Refer to the Allergy section of
this document.
- Prevention
Minimize exposure and exposure time. All individuals
handling rabbits should wear gloves. A respirator
is essential for anyone with known hypersensitivities
or a history of allergies. Washing hands and arms
immediately after handling rabbits may decrease the
likelihood of developing contact allergies. Rabbits
moved to laboratories for surgery or an experiment
should be kept in covered cages at all times to minimize
aerosolization of dust and allergens.
- Treatment
If signs of allergy (skin irritation, itching, nasal
or ocular irritation) occur, notify your supervisor.
In the case of skin irritation, immediately and gently
wash the area with mild soap and water. Contact OH
(employees), SHC (students), or your physician.
¨
Special Conditions
- Rabbits exposed to, or carrying potential human
health hazards
1. Rabbits in infectious disease studies
2. Rabbits in carcinogen or toxic chemical studies
3. Rabbits receiving radioactive substances, e.g.,
radioisotopes
- For all experiments involving rabbits in these (and
similar) circumstances it is the responsibility of
the PI (Head of the Lab) to inform all personnel of
the potential hazards and special methods of handling
and caring for the rabbits. A standard operating procedure
must be available in the laboratory. It is the responsibility
of the Primary Investigator to make certain all those
involved with the study understand the special conditions.
SHEEP
and GOATS
Individuals
with anticipated contact with sheep must first be
trained in handling and restraint. It is important
to be proficient and comfortable when handling, restraining
or treating sheep - failure to do so can result in
injury to both the handler and the animal. Responsibility
of the research laboratory PI is to assure that all
personnel engaged in research animal contact receive
proper education and training specific to the relevant
species used in her/his lab.
¨
Risks associated with handling sheep are due both
to their size, and potential zoonoses. The risks are
minimal if the proper precautions are exercised.
¨ Sheep will generally attempt to escape, or run
away when threatened with capture or restraint. However,
some sheep may charge if there is no other option.
¨
Physical Injury
Abrasions, contusions or puncture injuries may result
from an uncooperative animal, usually from contact
with the pen walls, floor, or gate.
- Prevention
Proper training and proficiency will minimize the
potential for injuries. Understanding sheep behavior
and recognizing one's skill level and limitations
are essential components of prevention.
- Treatment
Immediate treatment of any wound is the best method
of minimizing the development of a more serious complication,
such as an infection. Thorough cleansing with an antiseptic
scrub and the application of a topical antiseptic
such as betadyne or chlorhexidine should be the first
action following a contusion, or skin abrasion. All
bites or open wounds, regardless of severity, should
be reported to your supervisor, and should also be
evaluated by a physician as soon as possible at OH
or SH.
Bacterial Infections
The pens or cages of sheep contain many normal bacteria
that are normally non-pathogenic, however, if introduced
beneath the skin as the result of an abrasion, puncture
or contusion, these micro-organisms can set up an
infection either locally or, in severe cases, systemically.
The most commonly encountered bacteria in these instances
are Pasteurella, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus,
Proteus, E. coli, spp., etc. Note that Clostridium
tetani may be present in sheep pens. All personnel
working with sheep must have a current Tetanus immunization.
¨
Zoonoses: Viral diseases (Contagious Ecthyma)
- Human disease - ORF
The human disease is generally limited to sheep or
goat breeders. It presents as lesions on the skin
at the point of contact. Humans may contract the disease
from infected sheep or goats by direct contact with
lesions around the mouth, muzzle, and nares.
- Prevention
Infected sheep or goats have small to very large external,
crusty, proliferative lesions around the mouth, muzzle,
and nares. The laboratory PENN animal technicians
and the veterinarian inspect sheep and goats for contagious
diseases, including ORF. Although exposure is unlikely,
always wear gloves when handling sheep. If you notice
any crusty lesion, or broken skin near the mouth of
a sheep or goat notify your supervisor and the veterinary
staff. Do not handle sheep if you notice lesions suggestive
of Contagious Ecthyma.
¨
Zoonoses: Rickettsial Infections (Coxiella burnetti)
- Human disease - Q Fever
Q-fever in humans may present as flu-like conditions,
or generally goes unnoticed. However, the human disease
may be more serious in people with immunocompromised
status or heart disease. The organism is shed in urine,
feces, milk, and especially birth products of sheep
and goats. The organism is very resistant to environmental
conditions and many disinfectants. Transmission is
via aerosol inhalation. Q-fever is generally asymptomatic
in sheep and goats, but must be suspected in cases
of abortion.
- Prevention
Sheep and goats used at the PENN are obtained only
from Q-fever negative flocks. Sheep and goats are
housed in rooms with a "Biohazard" warning
sign, because they can sometimes harbor the organism
even when tested negative. An N95 respirator should
be worn when working around sheep or goats, especially
if the animal is pregnant. Wear disposable gloves
and wash hands after handling sheep.
¨
Allergies
- General
Sheep are not normally considered to possess human-allergenic
potential. However, if symptoms of allergy develop
following exposure to sheep (skin irritation, itching,
nasal or ocular irritation) notify your supervisor.
Refer to the Allergy section of this document.
- Prevention
All individuals handling sheep should wear gloves.
Washing hands and arms immediately after handling
sheep may decrease the likelihood of developing contact
allergies.
- Treatment
If signs of allergy (skin irritation, itching, nasal
or ocular irritation) occur, notify your supervisor.
In the case of skin irritation, immediately and gently
wash the area with mild soap and water. Contact the
OH office, SHC, or your physician.
¨ Special Conditions
- Sheep exposed to, or carrying potential human health
hazards
1. Sheep in infectious disease studies
2. Sheep in carcinogen or toxic chemical studies
3. Sheep receiving radioactive substances, e.g., radioisotopes
- For all experiments involving sheep in these (and
similar) circumstances it is the responsibility of
the PI (Head of the Lab) to inform all personnel of
the potential hazards and special methods of handling
and caring for the sheep. A standard operating procedure
must be available from the laboratory. The precautions,
procedures and treatment vary, and are generally specific
for each agent.
RODENTS
Individuals
with anticipated contact with rodents must first be
trained in handling and restraint techniques. It is
important to be proficient and comfortable when handling
rodents. Failure to do so can result in injury to
both the handler and the animal. Responsibility of
the research laboratory PI is to assure that all personnel
engaged in research animal contact receive proper
education and training specific to the relevant species
used in the lab.
¨ Risks associated with handling most laboratory
strains of rodents are minimal if the proper precautions
are exercised. Species and strains of rodents vary
widely in temperament, response to restraint, and
handling preferences. It is very important that anyone
working with rodents receives hands-on training for
the particular species and strain from a qualified
trainer. Wild rodents present different risks that
must be evaluated individually according to species
and conditions.
¨
Bites, Scratches
- General
Refer to the Animal Bites section of this document
for general information.
- Prevention
Proper training and handling proficiency with each
species and/or strain will minimize the potential
for most incidents of rodent bites or scratches. Properly
designed forceps may be used to assist in removal
of some rodents from cages. Commercially available
and "homemade" rodent restraint devices
are valuable for many common procedures. Understanding
rodent behavior and recognizing one's skill level
and limitations are essential components of prevention.
- Treatment
Immediate treatment of any wound is the best method
of minimizing the development of a more serious complication,
such as an infection. Thorough cleansing with an antiseptic
scrub and the application of a topical antiseptic
such as betadyne or chlorhexidine should be the first
action following a bite or scratch. All bites or open
wounds, regardless of severity, should be reported
to your supervisor, and should also be evaluated by
a physician as soon as possible.
¨
Possible Complications
- Bacterial Infections
The mouths of rodents contain many bacteria that are
normally non-pathogenic. However, if introduced beneath
the skin as the result of a bite these microorganisms
can cause an infection either locally or, in severe
cases, systemically. The bacteria most commonly encountered
in these instances are Pasteurella, Clostridium, Streptococcus,
Staphylococcus, Proteus, E. coli, spp., etc.
- Allergic Reactions
The saliva or urine of rodents may contain allergens
that may also be present on the toenails or teeth.
A bite or scratch can stimulate a localized or generalized
allergic reaction, depending upon the allergy status
of the individual.
¨
Allergies
- General
Allergens shed in the urine or saliva of most rodents.
They are present on the hair, in the bedding, on cage
walls, etc.
- Prevention
Minimize exposure and exposure time. All individuals
handling rodents should wear gloves. A respirator
is also recommended and is essential for anyone with
known hypersensitivities or a history of allergies.
Gloves and a respirator are required when changing
cages. Washing hands and arms immediately after handling
rodents may decrease the likelihood of developing
contact allergies. Rodents moved to laboratories for
surgery or an experiment should be kept in covered
cages at all times to minimize aerosolization of dust
and allergens.
- Treatment
If you experience signs of allergy (skin irritation,
itching, nasal or ocular irritation) notify your supervisor.
In instances of skin irritation, immediately and gently
wash area with mild soap and water. Contact OH, Student
Health Center, or your physician.
¨
Special Conditions
- Rodents exposed to, or carrying potential human
health hazards
1. Rodents in infectious disease studies
2. Rodents in carcinogen or toxic chemical studies
3. Transgenic rodents
4. Rodents receiving radioactive substances, e.g.
radioisotopes
- For all experiments involving rodents in these (and
similar) circumstances it is the responsibility of
the Primary Investigator to inform all personnel of
the potential hazards and special methods of handling
and caring for rodents. A standard operating procedure
must be available in the laboratory. The precautions,
procedures and treatment vary, and are generally specific
for each agent.
NB
3-10-05
